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Section-87 of the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Act 2019 quashed by the Supreme CourtIn a case between Hindustan Construction Company v Union of India, WP (CIVIL) NO. 1074 OF 2019, the Hon’ble read more
Section-87 of
the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Act 2019 quashed by the Supreme
Court
In a case between Hindustan
Construction Company v Union of India,
WP
(CIVIL) NO. 1074 OF 2019, the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India quashed Section-87 of the Arbitration and
Conciliation Act (hereinafter referred to as “the Act”) through an amendment in 2019.
The
quashing of Section 87 by the apex
court marks another turning point in the arbitration law in India. The bench
lead by Justice R.F Nariman criticized the respective provision by saying that “it turns the clock back and pushes the firms
into insolvency due to the delay in enforcement of awards”.
Background/facts of the case:
The case was filed by the Hindustan Construction Company (HCC) through a writ
petition under Article 32 of the Constitution of India. The contention by the
petitioner was, due to this provision
they were forced into insolvency even though the NHAI (National Highway
Authority of India) owed them an amount which was over ₹6000 crore.
Chronology
of the issues: The core issue of this case involves two amendments to “the Act”,
one was in 2015 and the other one was in 2019 and also with a provision that
was present in the parent Act i.e. 1996.
Section 36
of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 provided that an arbitral award
would be enforceable as a decision only after either (a) a complaint pursuant
to Section-34 of the Arbitration Act
contesting an arbitral award has been dismissed or (b) the time limit for
contesting an arbitral award pursuant to Section
34 of the Arbitration Act has expired. In other words, if a petition under Section-34 (Challenge to an award) is in
its pending stage, an arbitral award, even though awarded cannot be enforced
unless the conditions above are not fulfilled. This clogged the rights of a bona fide award holder and was
subsequently termed as “Automatic stay”.
In
2015, an amendment was made in the Act with the aim of reducing delay in the
arbitration proceedings and enforcement of awards. The main significance of the
amendment was the substitution of Section
36 which implied that although previously challenging an award under Section-34 would constitute an “Automatic
stay” but after the amendment mere challenging an award would not constitute an
“automatic stay”, unless a specific stay has been granted by filing a separate
petition.
Further,
Section-26 of the 2015 amendment
specifically specified that the 2015 amendment will extend to arbitral
proceedings commencing on or after 23 October 2015 (hereinafter referred to as
“Cut-off Date”).
Hence,
despite the substitution of Section 36, the concept of “Automatic stay” was
still holding its value in cases where petitions of Section 34 were pending as on the “cut-off date”.
Furthermore,
in 2018, in the case of BCCI v Kochi Cricket , (2018) 6 SCC 287 the
question of interpreting Section-26 of the 2015 amendment and its
applicability to the proceedings pending before such amendment was put before
the Indian Supreme Court. The Supreme Court observed that Section 36 is a
procedural provision and a judgment debtor is unable to enjoy the substantive
right of an automatic stay on the execution of an arbitral award when filing a
petition under Section 34 of the Arbitration Act.
In
view of the observations made, the Supreme Court held that substituted Section-36 of the Arbitration Act also
applies to arbitral awards in situations where a complaint has already been
filed pursuant to Section-34 of the
Arbitration Act as of the Cut-off Date.
Introduction
of Section-87 to the Act by 2019 Amendment:
The
introduction of Section 87 in the Arbitration Act was one of the major
amendments introduced by way of amendment made in 2019, which provided that
2015 amendment would apply only to the arbitral proceedings initiated on or
after the “Cut Off Date” and to such arbitral proceedings. In furtherance to
this, Section-15 of the Amendment
also omitted Section-26 introduced by
way of the 2015 Amendment.
The
main impact of this legislation was that it nullified the ruling given in BCCI
v Kochi Cricket case and it restored the position before the 2015
Amendment i.e. “Automatic stays”.
In
the present case of Hindustan Construction Company (HCC) v. Union of India, the
2019 amendment was questioned before the Indian Supreme Court on the grounds of
the application of Section 87 of the Act and the abolition of Section 26 of the 2015 amendment.
In
BCCI
v. Kochi Cricket, the Supreme Court of India explained that the new Section 36 adopted by way of the 2015
amendment would also extend to awards in cases where a petition pursuant to Section 34 of the Act had already been
lodged as on / before the Cut-off Date, thus abolishing the grant of an
automatic stay pursuant to Section 34
of the Act on merely pending of the petition. The Supreme Court's view was seen
to be in line with the purpose of the 2015 amendment, i.e. reducing the delay
in arbitration proceedings and enforcing the resulting arbitral awards. The apex
court further observed that due to the delay in enforcing arbitral awards because
of an automatic stay granted to the judgment debtor as a "claimed
right" or "privilege" defeats the purpose of granting the relief
by way of passing an award.
Justice Nariman, in his judgment stated that “An arbitral award-holder is deprived of the
fruits of its award— which is usually obtained after several years of
litigating— as a result of the automatic stay, whereas it would be faced with
immediate payment to its operational creditors.”
For the aforesaid reasons, the Supreme Court has struck down Section-87 ruling that it defeats the purpose of the 2015 Amendment as it not only hinders the enforcement of arbitral awards and delays the arbitral proceedings but also results in interruption in seeking relief and justice leaving the scope of judicial intervention.
Social media has loomed as the most effective tool in recent times to flag the causes, contents, opinions and direction of any social movement and has demonstrated that it will have a far-reaching effect read more
Social media has loomed as the most effective tool in recent times to flag the causes, contents, opinions and direction of any social movement and has demonstrated that it will have a far-reaching effect on government as well. This study focuses on India which has emerged as the fastest growing community on social media. Social movement activists, in particular, have extensively utilized the power of digital social media to streamline the effectiveness of social protest on a particular issue through extensive successful mass mobilizations. This research analyses the role and impact of social media as a power to catalyze the social movements in India and further seeks to describe how certain social movements are resisted, subverted, co-opted and/or deployed by social media. The impact assessment study has been made with the help of cases, policies and some social movements which India has witnessed the assertion of numerous social issues perturbing the public which eventually paved the way for remarkable judicial decisions. The paper concludes with the observations that despite its pros and cons, the impacts of social media on the functioning of the Indian Government have demonstrated that it has already become an indispensable tool in the hands of social media-suave Indians who are committed to bring about the desired change.
Full paper link is below:
Seat of the arbitration The arbitration seat is a vital aspect of any method of arbitration. The situs is not just about where an organization is located, where trials are going to be held, or read more
Seat of the arbitration
The arbitration seat is a vital aspect of any method of arbitration. The situs is not just about where an organization is located, where trials are going to be held, or where a good pool of arbitrators can be found. It also deals with which courts have supervisory jurisdiction over the arbitration and the scope of those powers. A recent Commercial Court decision reminds us that while the governing law of an arrangement may provide for one national law that may suit the nationality of one or both parties, it is the seat of arbitration that is essential for the security and enforceability of an arbitral award.
In cases where a seat in the arbitration clause has not been allocated by the parties and there is no default seat under the arbitration rules, confusion may arise as to which statute governs the proceedings and which courts administer the arbitration. It is always recommended that parties specify the seat of arbitration in the clause, in case of failure of specification the arbitral rules will usually decide the seat. However, the rules can differ significantly in the same.
Parties should avoid giving the respondent the unilateral right to select a seat, as was the case in the case of Taizhou, because unless the parties have agreed on the law governing the arbitration clause, this approach will not only lead to uncertainties, but will also give the recalcitrant respondent the opportunity to try to frustrate the arbitration by selecting a seat under the law of which the arbitrator is responsible.
Confusion between “seat” and “venue” of arbitration
Place of arbitration.—(1) The parties are free
to agree on the place of arbitration. Failing such agreement, the place of
arbitration shall be determined by the arbitral tribunal having regard to the
circumstances of the case, including the convenience of the parties.
The main difference between the “place/venue” of arbitration and seat of the same lies in the fact that place/venue only determines the physical location where arbitration will take place and “seat” of arbitration determines the court having jurisdiction over the nullity claim of an award
Cases with reference to the arbitration in Singapore and India.
Judgements: The
Supreme Court noted in the case of Union of India v Hardy Exploration and
Production that “seat” and “place” of arbitration can be used
interchangeably where there is no agreement between the parties on the place of
arbitration, the arbitral tribunal the decide the same.
The Supreme Court stated that although the award had been signed and announced in Kuala Lumpur, the place of arbitration by the arbitral tribunal had not been specifically decided. The Court held that a constructive act and an express opinion would require "determination." The Supreme Court overturned the Delhi High Court's judgment and held that the Kuala Lumpur was the venue. The Supreme Court held that the Indian courts would have jurisdiction to consider the appeal to set aside the award pursuant to s.34 of Part I of “The Arbitration And Conciliation Act, 1996”, as the award given is not an "international award."
Through this judgment, the Supreme Court has stipulated and reiterated the manner of determination of the seat of arbitration as below: Parties can expressly agree upon the seat or place of arbitration in their arbitration agreement; If the seat is not expressly agreed upon, it can be deduced from the arbitration clause and concomitant factors, such as the venue and an additional factor; The seat of arbitration can also be determined through the incorporation of rules such as the Model Law in the arbitration agreement, which stipulates that if parties do not agree on the place of arbitration, the same shall be determined by the arbitral tribunal.
Arbitration system in Singapore
Of 452 new cases earned in 2017, the Singapore International Arbitration Center or SIAC is one of the fastest growing arbitration institutions in the world. In compliance with the SIAC Arbitration Rules, the parties to a contract can agree to refer their disputes to arbitration. By doing so, the parties agree that their disputes will be decided in arbitration and that, in addition to any necessary rules at the arbitration seat, the arbitration proceedings will be controlled by the procedural rules in the SIAC Arbitration Rules. The arrangement between the parties is generally reported in an arbitration clause.
The Singapore courts ' approach to assessing the controlling or' proper' law of the contract is set out in Overseas Union Insurance Ltd v Turegum Insurance Co(' Teregum Insurance') and includes three phases not unlike those applicable in the arbitration agreement's governing rule:
(a) Examine the contract itself to decide whether it clearly specifies what the governing law is.
(B) In the absence of an explicit clause, see whether it is possible to infer from the circumstances the intention of the parties as to the governing statute.
(C) If none of the foregoing can be done, determine the legal system with which the contract has the most real and close connection.
Case law where the seat of arbitration was in question and further the law governing the arbitration
:BNA v BNB and another (2019) SGHC 142
The conflict between the parties emerged from a Takeout Agreement ("TA"). The agreement stated explicitly that it was regulated by PRC law. The arbitration provision provided for eventually "submitting disputes for arbitration in Shanghai to the Singapore International Arbitration Center" (SIAC), "which would be administered under the SIAC Arbitration Rules. Nevertheless, there was no clear choice of law provision in the arbitration clause.
Subsequently the defendants commenced the proceedings against the plaintiff in the SIAC (Singapore International Arbitration Centre). The plaintiff then challenged the tribunal’s jurisdiction stating that the arbitration was invalid PRC law as it prohibits any foreign arbitral institution such as SIAC from administering a PRC seated administration.
Singapore’s High Court decision-
The Court found that the arbitration clause applied to two geographical locations, namely Singapore and Shanghai, in deciding the seat of arbitration selected by the parties. The arbitration clause did not state clearly that Shanghai was the legal seat or just the location. The seat decides which legislation regulates and supervises the arbitration proceedings. The empirical site, on the other hand, is simply the geographical location where trials and other proceedings are conducted.
The Court noted that the SIAC Rules, which had been incorporated by reference into the arbitration clause, established that Singapore was the seat of any arbitration under the SIAC Rules in the absence of a counter-agreement by the parties or a counter-agreement by the court. The Court concluded that the specific reference to the SIAC Rules was the clearest possible expression of the intention of the parties to have all potential arbitrations under their Singapore arbitration clause.
The Court put particular importance on the fact that the arbitration clause of the parties merely referred to Shanghai as a city, rather than the PRC, being a "law district" that could be perceived as a reference to a location rather than a position. The Court contrasted this with the (indirect) reference to Singapore as the seat under the rules of the SIAC.
The problems in this case could have been avoided if the seat of arbitration was designated in clear terms and by avoiding giving mere references to geographical locations without designating them as “seat”.
The parties must also keep in check whether any restrictions under any applicable national law may apply as in this case the PRC law.
In case where “seat” of arbitration is not specified or there is conundrum on the determination of “seat” or the “venue” in the arbitration agreement, what can the parties sort to-
There can be sometimes a defect in the arbitration agreement with respect to either “seat” or the “venue” of the proceedings. Firstly the difference between both the terminologies was given by the supreme court in the case of Union of India v Hardy exploration and production as mentioned earlier in the article that-
The arbitration seat is a vital aspect of any method of arbitration. It is not just about where an organization is located, where trials are going to be held, or where a good pool of arbitrators can be found. It also involves which courts are responsible for supervising the arbitration and the extent of those powers. The “seat” of the arbitration will decide which law will govern the dispute(if any arises)
in the future between the parties. There should be a clarity in the agreement by the parties as to the determination of the seat of the proceedings as in absence of that clarity it will lead to confusions and large amount of time and resources can be wasted.
Whereas the “venue” only means a physical location as to
where the arbitration proceedings will be held it does not confer which law or
institution will govern the proceedings. In an agreement “venue” only means
where the case will be constituted physically and does not relate to the law
governing unless there is no specific condition precedent attached to it or
something, reference to the case of Union
of India v Hardy exploration and production court held that “mere the arbitrator meeting and signing the
award in Kuala Lumpur does not amount to the determination of the seat unless a
condition is attached to it as a “concomitant”.
In case where there is a dispute which is subject to
arbitration and in the agreement parties are failing to determine a “seat” for
the proceedings and also there is a confusion as to which law will govern the
proceedings, the issue will be settled as mentioned in the case of BNA v BNB and another and it also provided the clarity on the what
law will govern the proceedings. This case followed a three stage approach
while determining the law governing the case, that approach was adopted by the
tribunal from the “Sulamérica” case. That approach involved three
determinants as to find the seat in the arbitration agreement:
a) Have
the parties expressly chose the proper law on which the proceedings will be
governed?
b) If
not, is there any implied intention by the parties of choosing the law
governing?
c) If
there is no express or implied intention as to which law will govern the
dispute, it is said to be the law which will have the most close and real
connection with the dispute.
The cases mentioned above were adjudicated by the courts but in the end there was still a sense of ambiguity and confusion among the people as to the respective decisions and the court while deciding the cases also held that (a) the arbitration agreement must be treated as any commercial agreement, (b) the agreement should be construed as to reflect the parties intention to arbitrate,(c) if there is any defect in the arbitration the whole agreement should not considered void ab intio unless the defect is fundamental to the extent that it negated the parties interest to arbitrate.
In the end it is always recommended that while constituting an agreement parties should have a clarity and must clearly specify the “venue” and “seat” in the agreement if they want them to be distinct from each other.
Sexual Offences Against Children: “For an Inhuman Act there should be an Inexorably Punishment”Children are prone to violence and abuse due to their tender age. They can also be vulnerable to adverse read more
Sexual Offences Against
Children: “For an Inhuman Act there should be an Inexorably Punishment”
Children
are prone to violence and abuse due to their tender age. They can also be
vulnerable to adverse influences and ' at-risk ' behavior because of several
reasons. As child exploitation has existed in the form of sexual molestation,
child marriage, underfeeding, verbal abuse, child prostitution, child
pornography, child abduction, incest, robbery, child labor, child trafficking,
child abuse, etc. In this context, child protection is considered one of the
main responsibilities of both the government and society to take preventive
steps in a strong and positive way through various laws and policies while
taking into account the difficulties and problems faced by the children.
According
to the National Crime Records Bureau’s
report, in the last
few months, i.e. between January 1, 2019 and June 30, 2019, there were 24, 212
cases of child abuse reported in India, meaning 4,000 cases in a month, 130 in
a day and one in every five minutes. The judiciary has given paramount
importance to ensure holistic development of child’s physical, emotional,
intellectual and social faculties.
Recently
the Bombay High Court in the case Baburao @Sagar Rupaji Dhuri versus The
State of Maharashtra ,
Criminal Appeal No. 1068 of 2018 IN POCSO SPL. CASE NO. 295 OF 2015 That,
in her neighborhood, the victim, an five-and – a – half-year-old girl came to
play a boy when the Appellant brought the girl to his home on the excuse that
he'd have her songs on his cellphone and later PW 6 (eyewitness) asked PW 3
(mother relative of the victim) to see what the victim was doing when PW 3
looked at the house, when she saw that the victim was forced to lie on the
ground. Victim told PW3-M that when she went to look for Babu to play, the
appellant took her into the house, clamped the door from the inside, pulled her
slacks down and put her lying on the ground in a prone position..
It was specified that, pursuant to Rule 33(7) of the
POCSO Act, the victim's identity as well as all members of the family, friends,
community or any other details disclosing the victim's identity must be
concealed.
In compliance with Sections 376, 342, 366A, 377 of the
IPC read with Sections 6 and 10 of the POCSO Act, Investigating Officer laid a
charge sheet. Special Judge convicted and sentenced the defendant after
considering the evidence on record and hearing the prosecution and defense.
By
referring to the Forensic Science Lap report, counsel for appellant Aniket
Vagal argued that there was no detection of male DNA in the victim's vulval
swab or anal swab.
While
opposing the claim of the appellant's lawyer, APP, S.V. Gavand argued that
there was no need to refer the medical evidence because the appellant had been
stopped from inserting his penis in the anus of the victim. Appellant has violated the victim's trust that used to
call him ' Dada. ' She was with that of the appellant in a fiduciary capacity.
Therefore, it is argued that this is not a case where the appellant must be
shown leniency.
Appellant
was about to commit aggravated penetrative sexual assault on PW 2 but he was
unable to succeed in his malicious scheme due to PW 3's interference and thus
the act was actually about to be completed by him as he had already begun to
move his penis over the victim's back.
The
appellant made an attempt to commit an act of aggravated penetrative sexual
assault and, therefore, by passing an appropriate sentence of imprisonment, the
trial court correctly appreciated all the circumstances and facts recorded.
Bench
cited the case of the Supreme Court – Madan Gopal v. Naval Dubey, (1992) 3 SCC
204, in which it was held that "offenders threatening civilized society
should be punished in the most severe terms mercilessly and inexorably."
The bench also noted that the Court is loud and clear in the above-mentioned
case as to how such crimes should be dealt with which are challenges to
civilized society and should therefore be punished inexorably and mercilessly.
There
is no question in the present case of the appellant's reformation as he was
quite an adult male who knew the consequences of his act.
JUSTICE K.S. PUTTASWAMY (RETD.) AND ANOTHER VS UNION OF INDIA AND OTHERS [AADHAR JUDGMENT] CITATION:- 2017 10 SCC 1The Hon’ble Supreme Court (hereinafter referred to as “the SC”) upheld the read more
JUSTICE K.S. PUTTASWAMY (RETD.) AND
ANOTHER
VS
UNION OF INDIA AND OTHERS
[AADHAR JUDGMENT]
CITATION:- 2017 10 SCC 1
The Hon’ble Supreme Court (hereinafter referred to as “the SC”) upheld the Aadhaar scheme's statutory validity. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court’s five-judge constitutional bench has stipulated some provisions in the Aadhaar Act. The Supreme Court upheld the validity of Aadhaar by stating that adequate security measures are being taken to protect data, and it is hard to initiate people's surveillance based on Aadhaar. A five-judge bench headed by Former CJI Dipak Misra, Justice A.K. Sikri, Justice A.M. Khanwilkar and Justice Ashok Bhushan called on the government to provide more protection and reduce data storage times. Justice DY Chandrachud delivered a dissenting opinion.
Take away from the judgment:
a) The SC has asked the Centre to bring a robust law for data protection as soon as possible
b) The SC has clarified that Aadhaar cannot be made compulsory for bank account openings and mobile connections.
c) The SC has expressly stated that Aadhaar should not be made compulsory for admission to school and cannot be made compulsory by the administration
d) Aadhaar and PAN have been made mandatory by the SC
Former Chief Justice Dipak Misra ruled that Aadhaar is required to file income tax returns (ITRs) and Permanent Account Number (PANs) allocation under Section 139 AA of the IT ACT, 1961 . Rule 9 as amended by PMLA (Second Amendment) Rules, 2017 establishing the necessary links between Aadhaar and bank accounts is upheld and found not to be in breach of Articles 14, 19(1) (g), 21 & 300A. Circular dated March 23, 2017 Mandating Mobile Number Link with Aadhaar is deemed illegal and unconstitutional as it is not backed by any statute and is quashed hereby.
e) The SC has instructed the government to ensure that Aadhaar is not
issued to illegal migrants in order to benefit from social welfare schemes.
f) The SC has declared that Private companies can't ask for Aadhaar.
g) In the verdict laid down by Justice Sikri , he has pronounced that there is a fundamental difference between Aadhaar card and identity. It remains in the system once the bio-metric information is stored, he said.
h) The Supreme Court struck down the Aadhaar law provision requiring data to be exchanged on the grounds of national security
i) The SC through its verdict has also explained the basic difference between Aadhaar and other proof of identity as it is difficult to reproduce Aadhaar and is a unique identity. It added that Aadhaar is to motivate and provide an identity to the neglected sections of society.
j) Aadhaar satisfies the doctrine of proportionality, Justice Sikri said, adding, "Being unique is better than being better
CONCLUSION
The Aadhaar judgment is said to be the second longest case in terms of
continuous hearing and underlines the importance and urgency of the case. The
petitioners attempted to argue that Aadhaar was illegal, constituted by
surveillance as an instrument of state oppression, and had to be scrapped.
Aadhaar's data breaches have been cited to argue that the program could cause serious
privacy violation issues as people ' biometrics could leak. They also claimed
that basic services were refused due to the failure of authentication by
Aaadhaar. The government argued that ensuring that the government's direct
benefits reach the right people, reducing / eliminating corruption, was useful.
Aadhaar introduced the Virtual Aadhaar ID even during the trial and made
several moves to strengthen the system to ally fears of lack of security. UIDAI
also clarified the security practices and tried to persuade the system to play
a useful role in governance and not infringe privacy. Throughout the media's
cacophony, each body forgot that the discussion had two other stakeholders.
First was the "Honest Tax Paying Citizen" whose legitimate income and
wealth was eroded as a result of corruption, black money and benami property
holding, all threatened by the Aadhaar link. Second was the company that
adopted the use of Aadhaar for e-KYC and electronic documents authentication
via e-Sign in real time. The claims were not suggested by these stakeholders. The Hon’ble Supreme Court
upheld the Aadhaar scheme's statutory validity
a)
IMPACT OF GST ON E-COMMERCEGoods and Services Tax (GST) is an indirect tax levied on the supply of goods and services in India. It's a comprehensive, multi-stage, destination-based tax: comprehensive read more
IMPACT OF GST ON E-COMMERCE
Goods and Services Tax (GST) is an indirect
tax levied on the supply of goods and services in India. It's a comprehensive,
multi-stage, destination-based tax: comprehensive as it has subsumed almost all
indirect taxes except for a few state taxes. Multi-stage as it is, the GST is
levied on all stages of the production process but is supposed to be reimbursed
to all parties at different stages of production other than the final consumer
and as a destination-based tax is collected from the point of sale and not from
the point of origin like previous taxes.
The implementation of GST has a major impact
on the e-commerce sector in India. The implementation is being hailed as the
country's largest reform so far. As part of its efforts to create a single
market for the entire nation, the government is implementing GST.
Previously, business and consumers both
interacted with the Indian economy's diverse segmentation, which is being dealt
with within GST. The idea of a single supply tax has reduced the need for
sellers to register with various tax channels and to file different returns.
According to the study conducted by the
Internet and Mobile Association of India, India's e-commerce sector is
estimated to have reached Rs 211,005 in December 2016. The report also claims
that by 2020, India is expected to generate $100 billion in revenue from online
retail. Electronic
Commerce's rebellion in India has also led to online marketplace architecture. Big players like Amazon or Flipkart, as well as small retailers and
sellers, make the e-commerce industry in India. The GST has a significant
impact on the industry, the effects on e-commerce are that it allows third-party
sellers on their platform to register and sell online, Marketplace pays the
selling value of a subscription fee / commission from listed sellers. Under
this model, third-party vendors gain access to a larger marketplace-registered
customer base.
Under such a scheme, the government also
allowed Foreign Direct Investments to promote the business model of e-commerce
in India. Marketplaces
provided additional revenue and distribution outlets for sellers that were
impossible for an offline seller.
The implementation of these regulatory
requirements has forced the population of online sellers to adopt the GST
regime. Such as a threshold cap has been set for all companies by the
government. Once such a threshold cap is crossed, a company is liable to file
for Goods and Services Tax. Nevertheless, this cap does not apply in the case
of sellers of e-commerce, Most of these marketplace listed sellers are small
and medium-sized enterprises. Under GST regulation, the government introduced a
composition system. The primary objective of this scheme is to reduce the
compliance burden for small and medium-sized enterprises. Under this scheme,
firms must file returns on a quarterly basis instead of a monthly basis and pay
taxes at nominal rates of up to 2% and under the new tax regime, marketplace
operators are expected to deduct and deposit with government a percentage sum
as the seller's GST liability. This mechanism is referred to under the GST
legislation as "Tax Collection at Source (TCS).
The marketplace seller would finally have to
file monthly returns under GST to claim the marketplace operator's TCS credit.
This will also affect these sellers ' liquidity and cash flow.
Where
E-commerce is defined in the Model GST Law (MGL)?
E-Commerce is specified as such in Section 43B(d) of the MGL (Model GST
Law) – E-Commerce means the supply or reception of goods and/or services or the
transmission of funds or data via an electronic network, primarily via the
Internet, using any of the Internet-based applications but not limited to e-mail,
instant messaging, shopping carts, web services, universal definition Discovery
and integration, File Transfer Protocol and Electronic and Data Interchange
whether or not the payment is made electronically and whether or not the user
makes the final delivery of the goods and/or services.
GST has implemented a system of ' one country one tax, ' but its
implications on different industries are slightly different. Based on whether
the industry is concerned with manufacturing, distribution and retailing or
providing a service, the first degree of distinction will come into play.
Effect on Manufacturers, Distributor, and
Retailers of GST
GST is a boost to competitiveness and
performance. Declining exports and high spending on infrastructure are just
some of this sector's concerns. The administrative costs for manufacturers and
distributors had also been increased by multiple indirect taxes, and with GST
in place, the compliance burden has eased and this sector will grow more
strongly.
But it will now have to file because of GST activity that was not
previously under the tax bracket. This will result in less tax evasion.
Effect of GST on the service providers
Much of the tax burden is borne by sectors
such as IT, telecommunications, insurance, business support, banking and
financial services, etc. Such pan-India businesses are already working in a
single market and will see the pressure of compliance rising. But each place of
business in each state will have to be reported separately.
India's e-commerce market has grown by leaps and bounds. GST will
support the continued growth of the e-commerce sector in many ways, but the
long-term effects will be particularly interesting as the GST law specifically
proposes a system for Tax Collection at Source (TCS), with which e-com
companies are not too pleased. The current rate of TCS is at 1%.
Some of the key areas of GST impacting the
e-commerce sector-
Improved e-commerce reach
The GST has opened up new avenues to compete with larger companies for
small and medium-sized sellers. Because of the looming tax rates in different
states earlier, sellers were usually confined only to their states, limiting
their free reach to far-flung areas. E-sellers will be relieved from varying
tax structures by introducing GST.
Registration must be mandatory
The government defines a registry company if it has a maximum of more
than 20 lakes. Around 10 lake rupees dropped this cap for northeastern states.
The situation is different for the e-commerce sector as all sellers must be
licensed even if their threshold does not reach 20 lakes. This is a limitation which if removed would allow
more sellers to become a part of an online community.
Tax Collected at Source (TCS)
E-commerce marketplaces must subtract, apart from vendor liability, 2
percent of TCS net-value revenue and will be billed to government. In addition,
it is important to count the sales announced by the marketplaces and the
seller's sales per month. If any inconsistencies remain, the seller will have
to pay the extra number. The goal of this measure is to root out fraudulent online marketplace
activities and decrease the amount of tax evasion, building confidence between
marketplaces and sellers.
Composition is not exempt
As part of GST acts, e-commerce sellers are not eligible to receive
compensation. The composition scheme would have allowed sellers with a turnover
of approximately 75 lakhs to file tax returns on a quarterly basis rather than
on a monthly basis. The tax amount would have been a mere 2 percent, but for
sellers the system was kept out of control.
Credit rise
The GST introduced e-commerce marketplace input tax credit, creating a
direct contact between the input product and the final product. They will be
able to take advantage of input tax credit.
Cash-on-delivery is a more popular option for users in developing
countries such as India. After a period of 7-10 days, refunds are given on such
orders if the taxes have already been paid. Under GST, this troublesome problem
was taken care of.
Tax returns are filed
The method of filing the government's tax returns was made in the same
way that brick-and-mortar stores bill. The form GSTR-1 must be submitted by
10th of each month, containing descriptions of outward supplies. By 11th of
each month, the seller will receive the GSTR-2 form, details of the e-commerce
marketplace's taxes. The seller will return the form by the 15th of each month after the
analysis. It was necessary to resolve any inconsistencies by the 20th of each
month. Until filing returns, this particular agency allowed sellers to collect
their data from different sources.
Conclusion
The GST would definitely have a positive impact on our country's
e-commerce market. The system would reduce operating costs by about 20 percent,
which will also minimize distribution and warehousing costs. The move would
enable sellers to maintain and operate warehouses efficiently at strategic
locations. The cost of end-of-mile distribution will be lower due to quicker
movement of goods, the profit can be passed on to the consumers. E-commerce
markets will now be free to import products from small and medium-sized
enterprises, thus enriching product quality. The long-term GST would create a
level playing field for marketplaces in e-commerce, streamlining their
offerings and enhancing business growth.
The Democratic-led House of Representatives has impeached United States President Donald Trump for obstruction of Congress and abuse of power linked to his relations with Ukraine. On 18 December 2019, read more
The Democratic-led House of Representatives has impeached United States President Donald Trump for obstruction of Congress and abuse of power linked to his relations with Ukraine. On 18 December 2019, historic impeachment votes come after House Democrats ' more than two-month review, accusing the president of forcing Ukraine to open an investigation into the matter.
"The votes only put Trump to the Court as the third president in the history of United States and set the stage for possible trial in the Republican Senate in January"
The Impeachment Enquiry against Donald Trump was started by Nancy Pelosy (House Speaker) on 24 September 2019 after whistle-blower claimed that Donald Trump could have manipulated the presidential power by withdrawing military aid as a way of forcing the newly elected president of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky to achieve two favors:
a) To pursue investigations of Joe Biden and his son Hunter, and
b) To investigate a conspiracy theory that Ukraine not Russia was behind interference in Presidential election 2016
The inquiry was focused on July 25 a 91minute call during which Trump asked Ukraine President Volodymyr Zelenskyy to open an investigation into Biden and his friend , Hunter who had served on the board of a Ukrainian Gas Company. There was no evidence of Bidden wrongdoing. The fatefull phone call is the key for the abuse of power charge on which Mr Trump has been Impeached.
In October, three full Congressional committees (Intelligence, Oversight, and Foreign Affair’s) deposed witnesses including Ukrainian ambassador Bill Taylor, Laura Cooper (the top U.S. policy officer in the Pentagon) and former U.S. policy officer Fiona Hill in the White House. On 8 October in a letter to House Speaker Pelosi from White House Council Pat Cipollone, the White House formally replied that it would not cooperate with the investigation due to the concerns including the fact that entire House of Representative had not yet voted and that interviews with witness were conducted privately. On October 17, in response to a reporter's allegation of quid pro quo, White House acting staff chief Mick Mulvaney said "We do that with every Foreign Policy all the time. Get over it". He walked back his remarks later in a day saying that there had been "absolutely no quid pro quo" and trump had withdrawn militiary aid from Ukraine over concerns about the corruption of the nation.
The House of Representatives voted 232–196 on October 31 to create public hearing rules, which began on November 13. When hearings began, Adam Schiff , Chairman of the House Intelligence Committee, said President Trump could have committed corruption, which is explicitly stated in Article Two as an unjustifiable crime in the Constitution. In November 2019, twelve government witnesses delivered private and public congressional testimony indicating that Trump sought political favors in return for official action. On 10 December, the House Judiciary Committee released its impeachment articles:
1. One for power abuse and,
2. One for Congress obstruction
The House Judiciary Committee published a report on 16 December outlining criminal charges of corruption and wire fraud as part of the abuse of power charges. The House voted 230-197 on December 18 to approve the first of two articles of impeachment one alleging that he misused his office's power to force Ukraine to prosecute the Bidens. The House voted 229 to 198 on a second article accusing him of obstructing Congress.
The suspense will now shift to the Senate for next month's trial to be presided by U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts. With a two-thirds majority needed to convict the president, Trump's acquittal in the chamber run by the Republicans is not assured. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell has already declared that he is “not an impartial juror” and is setting a course to bring the proceedings to a swift calculation. No firm date has been set for a Senate jury, but McConnell said that after returning to Washington, DC in the New Year, it will be the "first order of business" of the house.
Is Trump Out of Office?
No the trump is not out of office. The House's impeachment does not immediately remove an American President from office. Impeachment means that “a majority of House members approved the articles presented against the President and set the stage for his Senate trial”. With the support of at least two-thirds of the Senate (that is 67 Senators in the 100-member U.S. Senate), a President may be convicted and removed from office. The Republicans have a total of 53 seats in the new Senate, while the Democrats have 47 (including two Independents). This means that for Mr. Trump to be convicted, the Democrats must ensure that none of their Senators cross the line of the party and that at least 20 Republicans do so and vote for the conviction— an impossibility given the Capitol's partisan mood. The Republicans have so far dismissed the charges against the President
In the unlikely event
that Trump is convicted and removed from office by the Senate, Vice President Mike Pence would become
president and complete Trump's term ending on January 20, 2021.
CITIZENSHIP AMENDMENT ACTBACKGROUNDThe Citizenship Act,1955 passed by the Indian government prohibited the acquisition of Indian citizenship by illegal migrants. This act described illegal immigrants read more
CITIZENSHIP
AMENDMENT ACT
BACKGROUND
The Citizenship Act,1955 passed by
the Indian government prohibited the acquisition of Indian citizenship by
illegal migrants. This act described illegal immigrants as citizens of other
countries who entered India without valid travel documents or who stayed in the
country after the time permitted by their travel documents and also provided
for the deportation or imprisonment of illegal immigrants.
In 2016, the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP),
which won the 2019 Indian general election, introduced a bill to amend the law
on citizenship that would have made non-Muslim migrants from Pakistan,
Afghanistan, and Bangladesh eligible for Indian nationality. The bill focuses
on allowing those who have fled religious persecution in neighboring countries
faster access to citizenship
Although the Lok Sabha passed
this bill, it stalled in the Rajya Sabha after widespread political opposition
and protests in Northeastern India that did not want any Bangladeshi migrants.
With the exception of non-tribal cities listed under pre-existing regulations,
it excluded Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, Meghalaya and
Manipur. It also left out Assam's tribal areas.
The Citizenship (Amendment) Act,
2019
The Citizenship (Amendment) Act,
2019(hereinafter referred to as (“the Act”)) was passed on 11 December 2019 by
the Parliament of India. It amended the citizenship act, 1955 and the Persons
belonging to minority communities in Bangladesh and Pakistan, namely, Hindus,
Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis and Christians who were compelled to seek
shelter in India due to religious persecution or fear of religious persecution.
The Bill includes new provisions for
the cancelation of the Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) registration, such
as fraud registration, in the case of OCI holder sentenced to two or more years
' imprisonment within five years of registration and strictly for the sake of
Indian sovereignty and protection. It also includes a clause that violates any
law notified by the central government. It also includes a provision on
violation of any law notified by the central government and it adds the
opportunity for the OCI holder to be heard before the cancellation.
But the law has removed Muslims from Pakistan,
Bangladesh and Afghanistan, and the new Act does not give citizenship to
refugees from non-Muslim countries. The amendment is limited to India's
Muslim-majority neighbors and, second, it does not accept Pakistan, Bangladesh
and Afghanistan's oppressed Muslims.
Protests and complaints stem from the Act. Protesters were against the naturalization of any and all refugees in the eastern regions of India. According to them, this Act's new provisions are contradictory to previous agreements such as the Assam Agreement. Political and student activists in other parts of India protested that the law "marginalizes Muslims is counterproductive to Muslims and sought that Muslim migrants and refugees should also be granted Indian citizenship per its secular foundations.
Despite the bill's clearance on December 4, 2019, violent protests broke out in Assam. Demonstrations took place in Agartala and six people died there and 50 people were wounded in demonstrations against the Act. Assamese women protesters said they "wanted peace, not migrants from Bangladesh," and the influx of refugees and migrants would destroy their state, culture, and community harmony.
Internet access in the state of Assam has been limited. Curfew was imposed because of the protests in Assam and Tripura. Tripura's royal family filed a petition against the bill in India's Supreme Court.[The army was called in as protesters challenged those curfews. Railway services were suspended and some airlines began offering refunds in those areas for the rescheduling or cancelation fee.
As a result, the police entered the Jamia Millia Islamia University campus, where protests were taking place, and detained the students. The officers used the students with batons and tear gas. More than one hundred students have been injured and the same number have been detained. The police action has been widely criticized, resulting in nationwide protests. Seven demonstrations were also banned by the police in several parts of India with the enforcement of section 144, which forbids the assembly of more than 4 persons in public space as unlawful, including parts of the capital of Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka, including Bangalore. Police in Chennai denied permission for marches, rallies or any other demonstration. Internet services were shutdown in several parts of Delhi.
National Scenario
·
Commentators
expressed concern that people who are unable to produce the necessary documents
to prove their citizenship and inclusion in the NRC will be recognized as
migrants and granted Indian citizenship under the Bill, provided that they are
"of any nationality other than Muslim;" the latter would risk being
stateless because they are not protected by the Bill.
·
The CAB revolves
around Muslim identity by announcing India as a welcoming place for all other
religious communities. This seeks to establish Muslims legally as second-class
Indian people by providing other classes with preferential treatment. It
infringes Article 14 of the Constitution, the fundamental right of all persons
to equality. And yet, the government maintains that it does not discriminate or
violate the right to equality.
· The Indian National Congress opposed the bill, which argued that it would generate communal tensions and polarize India.
· The Indian Union Muslim League appealed to the Supreme Court of India to find the bill unconstitutional and more than 1,000 Indian scientists and scholars signed a petition against the bill. A similar number of Indian academics and intellectuals from various universities and institutions issued a joint statement in support of the bill.
· The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights of the United Nations (OHCHR) condemned the Act as' fundamentally discriminatory in nature.' "While the wider naturalization laws of India remain in place, these changes will have a discriminatory effect on people's access to nationality,"
· The U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) called for sanctions against Amit Shah and "other big leadership" to pass the Bill. In response, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of India issued a statement saying that the USCIRF's statement was "not true or justified" and that neither the CAB nor the NRC tried to deprive Indian people
· .The United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs challenged the intention of the Bill and stated that "any religious test for citizenship violates this most fundamental democratic concept. However, on 19 December, the United States Secretary of State said that the United States values Indian democracy as it has a" robust "internal debate on the Citizenship Act.
· Pakistan's Prime Minister, Imran Khan, criticized the Act for "violating both international human rights principles and bilateral agreements with Pakistan."
· Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad of Malaysia attacked the law saying that "India, which claims to be a secular state, is now taking action to deprive some Muslims of their citizenship."
Conclusion
The Bill amends the 1955 Citizenship Act and will, for the
first time, offer religious citizenship to non-Muslim communities such as
Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi and Christian from Afghanistan, Bangladesh
and Pakistan who entered India on or before 31 December 2014. The amendment relaxes the second criterion
from 11 years to 5 years as a special requirement for applicants belonging to
the six religions listed, and the three countries mentioned above. The Bill's
underlying critique, however, was that it attacks Muslims directly. Critics
argue that it violates the principle of secularism and Article 14 of the
Constitution.
Despite
some exception given to some regions in the northeastern states, the
possibility of citizenship for massive numbers of illegal migrants from
Bangladesh has caused deep state anxieties. The Bill also provides no clarity on the scope of
the laws that can be told by the central government. The Supreme Court
acknowledged that this guidance is necessary in order to impose limitations on
the powers of the authority and to prevent arbitrariness in the exercise of
powers.
In today’s political and social climate in India, where there is a systematic attempt to pitch religions against each other, where does the youth of the country, those who are in crucial times of designing read more
In today’s political and social climate in India, where there is a systematic attempt to pitch religions against each other, where does the youth of the country, those who are in crucial times of designing and determining their inner core, find out for themselves some sort of ‘transcendental morality’ which can guide them through life’s difficult times/phases.
Having a moral code means having a set of core values, that one can truly apply, without being hypocritical and changing it to suit one’s needs. One of the question in this regard is can one find one’s morality in complete isolation from religion? This is important because what we see is a growing talk on the religion but completely devoid of any discourse on morality.
A lot of Indians identify themselves as believing in one religion but does this belief also lead them to believe in a stringent set of moral values that they can safely apply in all situations?
Morality simply put, concerns itself with one thing – what is the right thing to do. Religion condensed in one line is about – what is your relationship with the maker. One can sense how these two questions overlap but are not the same. What we see is a growing talk on the religion but completely devoid of any discourse on morality.
For e.g. if you are an Atheist – someone who does not believe in the existence of God/maker/some divine force, then your definition of ‘right’ or ‘wrong’ may not flow from your religion but may still have a bearing on it. Once you deny the existence of one/more Gods, your answers to ‘what is the purpose of life’, ‘what is the end-goal of life or is there one’, ‘can murdering someone ever be justified and if yes, under what circumstances’ etc. are questions on which you may have a range of answers, depending on how you have reflected on them and the position you have taken. These in turn will tie-in to concepts that all religions touch upon in one way or the other – for e.g. – existence of a heaven and a hell; intrinsic value of life; karma and its effects; concept of several lives – rebirth etc.
On the other hand, if you are a believer – someone who follows any religion, then without being hypocritical, you will have to agree to the answers given to these questions as per your religion.
But you can also like me, belong to a third category. You may be born in any one religion, agree with parts of it and disagree with other parts of it. You may similarly like somethings about other religions and dislike/disagree with other parts of that religion. You may just want to pick the best from every religion where-ever you find it. In this case, you neither have any one religion, nor any one set of moral values that you can abide by. This could either be because your secularism is shallow, which satisfies itself in the belief that all religions teach the same thing at the core, without actually subjecting your intellect to the rigour of studying all the religions deeply.
Or in some rare case, your secularism is indeed the deep type where you arrive at this conclusion after having studied all the religions. In the latter case, hypothetical as it is, logical coherence would still escape you. For e.g., Quran does say that Allah is the only God and requires believers (Muslims) not to believe in different Gods (or multiple gods). Hinduism, on the other hand is polytheistic and deeply comfortable with the idea of several Gods. So, even on the face of it, a secular who believes that she takes only the best of different religions is still being hypocritical in some sense as she cannot believe in two contradictory things.
So for someone who wants to know – what is the right thing to do, how does one develop one’s morality code – which may or may not overlap with religion.
Here is an attempt :
You shall not kill anyone, without there being a higher cause. This will be apply as per one’s own subjective determination of what that higher cause is and whether it permits one to deviate from the general rule that you shall not kill.
You shall treat all human beings alike, irrespective of any differences in caste, colour, creed, language, religion or gender.
You shall always be mindful of my actions and its direct, as well as indirect consequences on all things, environment and people around you.
You shall always strive to be humble in your association with other people, and strive to be a simple and honest person.
You shall not say words that may hurt someone.
You shall not steal.
You shall not harm any living or non-living creature.
And the list can go on. But one can think of exceptions to all of these.
For e.g. if you are hungry and have nothing to eat – is stealing still immoral?
If you are building a house, can you really practically ensure the non-killing of several insects that will die underneath it?
Can you let others take your simplicity, honesty or humbleness as your weakness?
You will treat everyone equally and try not to apply stereotypes, yet can you completely avoid those stereotypes?
You may not want to identify with a nation, religion, caste or gender at the cost of being equal, yet you continue to use your surname, identify as a man or woman, carry an Indian passport and continue to live as belonging to any one religion.
If there are exceptions to every rule, what then, if anything is your morality? Unless we ask ourselves this question seriously and find an answer either in our religion or independently of it, we are keeping ourselves from living our very best life. Imagine just sleepwalking through life, instead of setting a high benchmark of conscious living, where we as individuals and as a nation make it our obsession to do the right thing!
Who Am I and what do I believe in? Isn’t that the fundamental question that we as individuals and as a nation need to find? We seem to have stopped exploring this question beyond our school moral science lessons. Is it any wonder then we seem lost – as individuals, as society, as a nation and perhaps as a civilization. We seem alien to the pain of the others, to inequality everywhere in society, living in our own bubbles, willing to do anything for narrow selfish gains. This not knowing of our morality afflicts us all alike – politicians, lawyers, doctors, industrialists etc. resulting in a world, where all of us feel like islands, than one truly integrated whole. This lack of inner morality and spiritual revolution seems to be the biggest tragedy of our times – more tragic then perhaps poverty, hunger, lynchings, climate change, Babri and Kashmir.
Perhaps, as a suggestion, our TV channels should debate about – what is our moral compass as individuals, as a society and as a nation. This could help steer our ships back in the right direction in the stormy weathers we are in. A discussion on this will also truly bring out the best in religions, then the ugly shape that religious discourses seem to be taking, only to suit narrow political interests.
If this resonates with you, pls leave your comments or write to me at advocateavanibansal@gmail.com or WhatsApp me on 9165054322.
The roads in the city have been taken hostage by the Three Wheeler Rickshaws (Autos). The hostage situation is even more evident outside the metro stations. They often squeeze widest of the roads read more
The roads in the city have been taken hostage by the Three Wheeler Rickshaws (Autos). The hostage situation is even more evident outside the metro stations. They often squeeze widest of the roads to just one lane so that they are right outside to collect passengers. Most of the times I have seen Traffic Police alongside this hostage situation and they don't do thing about it and every one goes about doing their business.
It seems the current govt in the Capital has given them a free hand to act like this !! is it coz the drivers of these last mile connective vehicles ( that is what they are suppose to be? ) are their largest vote bank hence their unruly behaviour on roads ! I read somewhere that recent odd-even scheme was a big failure to curb pollution but was rather implemented for these Autos to earn an extra buck ! Where are we headed ?? And i though that Delhi was going to be a smart city!!Noida, India
New Delhi, India
Secunderabad, India
Bengaluru, India
Bengaluru, India
Patiala, India
Patiala, India
Kolkata, India
DAYS
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4. SoOLEGAL will remit the fees (without any interest) to its Registered User/ Consultant every 15 (fifteen) days. If there is any discrepancy in such payment, it should be reported to Accounts Head of SoOLEGAL (accounts@soolegal.com) with all relevant account statement within fifteen days from receipt of that last cycle payment. Any discrepancy will be addressed in the next fifteen days cycle. If any discrepancy is not reported within 15 days of receipt of payment, such payment shall be deemed accepted and SoOLEGAL shall not entertain any such reports thereafter.
5. Any Registered User/ Consultant wishes to discontinue with this, such Registered User/ Consultant shall send email to SoOLEGAL and such account will be closed and all credits will be refunded to such Registered User/ Consultant after deducation of all taxes and applicable fees within 30 days. Other than as described in the Fulfilment by SoOLEGAL Terms & Conditions (if applicable to you), for the SoOLEGAL Site for which you register or use the Transacting on SoOLEGAL Service, you will: (a) source, fulfil and transact with your Documents/ Advices, in each case in accordance with the terms of the applicable Order Information, these Transaction Terms & Conditions, and all terms provided by you and displayed on the SoOLEGAL Site at the time of the order and be solely responsible for and bear all risk for such activities; (a) not cancel any of Your Transactions except as may be permitted pursuant to your Terms & Conditions appearing on the SoOLEGAL Site at the time of the applicable order (which Terms & Conditions will be in accordance with Transaction Terms & Conditions) or as may be required Transaction Terms & Conditions per the terms laid in this Documents/ Advice; in each case as requested by us using the processes designated by us, and we may make any of this information publicly available notwithstanding any other provision of the Terms mentioned herein, ensure that you are the REGISTERED USER of all Documents/ Advices made available for listing for Transaction hereunder; identify yourself as the REGISTERED USER of the Documents/ Advices on all downloads or other information included with Your Documents/ Advices and as the Person to which a customer may return the applicable Documents/ Advices; and
S-2.2 Returns and Refunds. For all of Your Documents/ Advices that are not fulfilled using Fulfilment by SoOLEGAL, you will accept and process returns, refunds and adjustments in accordance with these Transaction Terms & Conditions and the SoOLEGAL Refund Policies published at the time of the applicable order, and we may inform customers that these policies apply to Your Documents/ Advices. You will determine and calculate the amount of all refunds and adjustments (including any taxes, shipping of any hard copy and handling or other charges) or other amounts to be paid by you to customers in connection with Your Transactions, using a functionality we enable for Your Account. This functionality may be modified or discontinued by us at any time without notice and is subject to the Program Policies and the terms of thisTransaction Terms & Conditions Documents/ Advice. You will route all such payments through SoOLEGAL We will provide any such payments to the customer (which may be in the same payment form originally used to purchase Your Documents/ Advices), and you will reimburse us for all amounts so paid. For all of Your Documents/ Advices that are fulfilled using Fulfilment by SoOLEGAL, the SoOLEGAL Refund Policies published at the time of the applicable order will apply and you will comply with them. You will promptly provide refunds and adjustments that you are obligated to provide under the applicable SoOLEGAL Refund Policies and as required by Law, and in no case later than thirty (30) calendar days following after the obligation arises. For the purposes of making payments to the customer (which may be in the same payment form originally used to purchase Your Documents/ Advices), you authorize us to make such payments or disbursements from your available balance in the Nodal Account (as defined in Section S-6). In the event your balance in the Nodal Account is insufficient to process the refund request, we will process such amounts due to the customer on your behalf, and you will reimburse us for all such amount so paid.
S-5. Compensation
You will pay us: (a) the applicable Referral Fee; (b) any applicable Closing Fees; and (c) if applicable, the non-refundable Transacting on SoOLEGAL Subscription Fee in advance for each month (or for each transaction, if applicable) during the Term of this Transaction Terms & Conditions. "Transacting on SoOLEGAL Subscription Fee" means the fee specified as such on the Transacting on SoOLEGALSoOLEGAL Fee Schedule for the SoOLEGAL Site at the time such fee is payable. With respect to each of Your Transactions: (x) "Transactions Proceeds" has the meaning set out in the Transaction Terms & Conditions; (y) "Closing Fees" means the applicable fee, if any, as specified in the Transacting on SoOLEGAL Fee Schedule for the SoOLEGAL Site; and (z) "Referral Fee" means the applicable percentage of the Transactions Proceeds from Your Transaction through the SoOLEGAL Site specified on the Transacting on SoOLEGAL Fee Schedule for the SoOLEGAL Site at the time of Your Transaction, based on the categorization by SoOLEGAL of the type of Documents/ Advices that is the subject of Your Transaction; provided, however, that Transactions Proceeds will not include any shipping charge set by us in the case of Your Transactions that consist solely of SoOLEGAL-Fulfilled Documents/ Advices. Except as provided otherwise, all monetary amounts contemplated in these Service Terms will be expressed and provided in the Local Currency, and all payments contemplated by this Transaction Terms & Conditions will be made in the Local Currency.
All taxes or surcharges imposed on fees payable by you to SoOLEGAL will be your responsibility.
S-6 Transactions Proceeds & Refunds.
S-6.1.Nodal Account. Remittances to you for Your Transactions will be made through a nodal account (the "Nodal Account") in accordance with the directions issued by Reserve Bank of India for the opening and operation of accounts and settlement of payments for electronic payment transactions involving intermediaries vide its notification RBI/2009-10/231 DPSS.CO.PD.No.1102 / 02.14.08/ 2009-10 dated November 24, 2009. You hereby agree and authorize us to collect payments on your behalf from customers for any Transactions. You authorize and permit us to collect and disclose any information (which may include personal or sensitive information such as Your Bank Account information) made available to us in connection with the Transaction Terms & Conditions mentioned hereunder to a bank, auditor, processing agency, or third party contracted by us in connection with this Transaction Terms & Conditions.
Subject to and without limiting any of the rights described in Section 2 of the General Terms, we may hold back a portion or your Transaction Proceeds as a separate reserve ("Reserve"). The Reserve will be in an amount as determined by us and the Reserve will be used only for the purpose of settling the future claims of customers in the event of non-fulfillment of delivery to the customers of your Documents/ Advices keeping in mind the period for refunds and chargebacks.
S-6.2. Except as otherwise stated in this Transaction Terms & Conditions Documents/ Advice (including without limitation Section 2 of the General Terms), you authorize us and we will remit the Settlement Amount to Your Bank Account on the Payment Date in respect of an Eligible Transaction. When you either initially provide or later change Your Bank Account information, the Payment Date will be deferred for a period of up to 14 calendar days. You will not have the ability to initiate or cause payments to be made to you. If you refund money to a customer in connection with one of Your Transactions in accordance with Section S-2.2, on the next available Designated Day for SoOLEGAL Site, we will credit you with the amount to us attributable to the amount of the customer refund, less the Refund Administration Fee for each refund, which amount we may retain as an administrative fee.
"Eligible Transaction" means Your Transaction against which the actual shipment date has been confirmed by you.
"Designated Day" means any particular Day of the week designated by SoOLEGAL on a weekly basis, in its sole discretion, for making remittances to you.
"Payment Date" means the Designated Day falling immediately after 14 calendar days (or less in our sole discretion) of the Eligible Transaction.
"Settlement Amount" means Invoices raised through SoOLEGAL Platform (which you will accept as payment in full for the Transaction and shipping and handling of Your Documents/ Advices), less: (a) the Referral Fees due for such sums; (b) any Transacting on SoOLEGAL Subscription Fees due; (c) taxes required to be charged by us on our fees; (d) any refunds due to customers in connection with the SoOLEGAL Site; (e) Reserves, as may be applicable, as per this Transaction Terms & Conditions; (f) Closing Fees, if applicable; and (g) any other applicable fee prescribed under the Program Policies. SoOLEGAL shall not be responsible for
S-6.3. In the event that we elect not to recover from you a customer's chargeback, failed payment, or other payment reversal (a "Payment Failure"), you irrevocably assign to us all your rights, title and interest in and associated with that Payment Failure.
S-7. Control of Site
Notwithstanding any provision of this Transaction Terms & Conditions, we will have the right in our sole discretion to determine the content, appearance, design, functionality and all other aspects of the SoOLEGAL Site and the Transacting on SoOLEGAL Service (including the right to re-design, modify, remove and alter the content, appearance, design, functionality, and other aspects of, and prevent or restrict access to any of the SoOLEGAL Site and the Transacting on SoOLEGAL Service and any element, aspect, portion or feature thereof (including any listings), from time to time) and to delay or suspend listing of, or to refuse to list, or to de-list, or require you not to list any or all Documents/ Advices on the SoOLEGAL Site in our sole discretion.
S-8. Effect of Termination
Upon termination of this Contract, the Transaction Terms & Conditions automatiocally stands terminated and in connection with the SoOLEGAL Site, all rights and obligations of the parties under these Service Terms with regard to the SoOLEGAL Site will be extinguished, except that the rights and obligations of the parties with respect to Your Transactions occurring during the Term will survive the termination or expiration of the Term.
"SoOLEGAL Refund Policies" means the return and refund policies published on the SoOLEGAL Site.
"Required Documents/ Advices Information" means, with respect to each of Your Documents/ Advices in connection with the SoOLEGAL Site, the following (except to the extent expressly not required under the applicable Policies) categorization within each SoOLEGAL Documents/ Advices category and browse structure as prescribed by SoOLEGAL from time to time, Purchase Price; Documents/ Advice Usage, any text, disclaimers, warnings, notices, labels or other content required by applicable Law to be displayed in connection with the offer, merchandising, advertising or Transaction of Your Documents/ Advices, requirements, fees or other terms and conditions applicable to such Documents/ Advices that a customer should be aware of prior to purchasing the Documents/ Advices;
"Transacting on SoOLEGAL Launch Date" means the date on which we first list one of Your Documents/ Advices for Transaction on the SoOLEGAL Site.
"URL Marks" means any Trademark, or any other logo, name, phrase, identifier or character string, that contains or incorporates any top level domain (e.g., .com, co.in, co.uk, .in, .de, .es, .edu, .fr, .jp) or any variation thereof (e.g., dot com, dotcom, net, or com).
"Your Transaction" is defined in the Transaction Terms & Conditions; however, as used in Terms & Conditions, it shall mean any and all such transactions whereby you conduct Transacting of Documents/ Advices or advice sought from you by clients/ customers in writing or by any other mode which is in coherence with SoOLEGAL policy on SoOLEGAL site only.
Taxes on Fees Payable to SoOLEGAL. In regard to these Service Terms you can provide a PAN registration number or any other Registration/ Enrolment number that reflects your Professional capacity by virtue of various enactments in place. If you are PAN registered, or any professional Firm but not PAN registered, you give the following warranties and representations:
(a) all services provided by SoOLEGAL to you are being received by your establishment under your designated PAN registration number; and
SoOLEGAL reserves the right to request additional information and to confirm the validity of any your account information (including without limitation your PAN registration number) from you or government authorities and agencies as permitted by Law and you hereby irrevocably authorize SoOLEGAL to request and obtain such information from such government authorities and agencies. Further, you agree to provide any such information to SoOLEGAL upon request. SoOLEGAL reserves the right to charge you any applicable unbilled PAN if you provide a PAN registration number, or evidence of being in a Professional Firm, that is determined to be invalid. PAN registered REGISTERED USERs and REGISTERED USERs who provide evidence of being in Law Firm agree to accept electronic PAN invoices in a format and method of delivery as determined by SoOLEGAL.
All payments by SoOLEGAL to you shall be made subject to any applicable withholding taxes under the applicable Law. SoOLEGAL will retain, in addition to its net Fees, an amount equal to the legally applicable withholding taxes at the applicable rate. You are responsible for deducting and depositing the legally applicable taxes and deliver to SoOLEGAL sufficient Documents/ Advice evidencing the deposit of tax. Upon receipt of the evidence of deduction of tax, SoOLEGAL will remit the amount evidenced in the certificate to you. Upon your failure to duly deposit these taxes and providing evidence to that effect within 5 days from the end of the relevant month, SoOLEGAL shall have the right to utilize the retained amount for discharging its tax liability.
Where you have deposited the taxes, you will issue an appropriate tax withholding certificate for such amount to SoOLEGAL and SoOLEGAL shall provide necessary support and Documents/ Adviceation as may be required by you for discharging your obligations.
SoOLEGAL has the option to obtain an order for lower or NIL withholding tax from the Indian Revenue authorities. In case SoOLEGAL successfully procures such an order, it will communicate the same to you. In that case, the amounts retained, shall be in accordance with the directions contained in the order as in force at the point in time when tax is required to be deducted at source.
Any taxes applicable in addition to the fee payable to SoOLEGAL shall be added to the invoiced amount as per applicable Law at the invoicing date which shall be paid by you.F.11. Indemnity
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Category and Documents/ Advice RestrictionsCertain Documents/ Advices cannot be listed or sold on SoOLEGAL site as a matter of compliance with legal or regulatory restrictions (for example, prescription drugs) or in accordance with SoOLEGAL policy (for example, crime scene photos). SoOLEGAL's policies also prohibit specific types of Documents/ Advice content. For guidelines on prohibited content and copyright violations, see our Prohibited Content list. For some Documents/ Advice categories, REGISTERED USERS may not create Documents/ Advice listings without prior approval from SoOLEGAL. |
In addition to your obligations under Section 6 of the Transaction Terms & Conditions, you also agree to indemnify, defend and hold harmless us, our Affiliates and their and our respective officers, directors, employees, representatives and agents against any Claim that arises out of or relates to: (a) the Units (whether or not title has transferred to us, and including any Unit that we identify as yours pursuant to Section F-4 regardless of whether such Unit is the actual item you originally sent to us), including any personal injury, death or property damage; and b) any of Your Taxes or the collection, payment or failure to collect or pay Your Taxes.
Registered Users must at all times adhere to the following rules for the Documents/ Advices they intend to put on Transaction:
The "Add a Documents/ Advice" feature allows REGISTERED USERS to create Documents/ Advice details pages for Documents/ Advices.
The following rules and restrictions apply to REGISTERED USERS who use the SoOLEGAL.in "Add a Documents/ Advice" feature.
Using this feature for any purpose other than creating Documents/ Advice details pages is prohibited.
Any Documents/ Advice already in the SoOLEGAL.in catalogue which is not novel and/ or unique or has already been provided by any other Registered User which may give rise to Intellectual Property infringement of any other Registered User is prohibited.
Detail pages may not feature or contain Prohibited Content or .
The inclusion of any of the following information in detail page titles, descriptions, bullet points, or images is prohibited:
Information which is grossly harmful, harassing, blasphemous, defamatory, pedophilic, libelous, invasive of another's privacy, hateful, or racially, ethnically objectionable, disparaging, relating or encouraging money laundering or gambling, pornographic, obscene or offensive content or otherwise unlawful in any manner whatever.
Availability, price, condition, alternative ordering information (such as links to other websites for placing orders).
Reviews, quotes or testimonials.
Solicitations for positive customer reviews.
Advertisements, promotional material, or watermarks on images, photos or videos.
Time-sensitive information
Information which belongs to another person and to which the REGISTERED USER does not have any right to.
Information which infringes any patent, trademark, copyright or other proprietary rights.
Information which deceives or misleads the addressee about the origin of the messages or communicates any information which is grossly offensive or menacing in nature.
Information which threatens the unity, integrity, defence, security or sovereignty of India, friendly relations with foreign states, or public order or causes incitement to the commission of any cognizable offence or prevents investigation of any offence or is insulting any other nation.
Information containing software viruses or any other computer code, files or programs designed to interrupt, destroy or limit the functionality of any computer resource.
Information violating any law for the time being in force.
All Documents/ Advices should be appropriately and accurately classified to the most specific location available. Incorrectly classifying Documents/ Advices is prohibited.
Documents/ Advice titles, Documents/ Advice descriptions, and bullets must be clearly written and should assist the customer in understanding the Documents/ Advice. .
All Documents/ Advice images must meet SoOLEGAL general standards as well as any applicable category-specific image guidelines.
Using bad data (HTML, special characters */? etc.) in titles, descriptions, bullets and for any other attribute is prohibited.
Do not include HTML, DHTML, Java, scripts or other types of executables in your detail pages.
Prohibited REGISTERED USER Activities and Actions
SoOLEGAL.com REGISTERED USER Rules are established to maintain a transacting platform that is safe for buyers and fair for REGISTERED USERS. Failure to comply with the terms of the REGISTERED USER Rules can result in cancellation of listings, suspension from use of SoOLEGAL.in tools and reports, or the removal of transacting privileges.
Attempts to divert transactions or buyers: Any attempt to circumvent the established SoOLEGAL Transactions process or to divert SoOLEGAL users to another website or Transactions process is prohibited. Specifically, any advertisements, marketing messages (special offers) or "calls to action" that lead, prompt, or encourage SoOLEGALusers to leave the SoOLEGAL website are prohibited. Prohibited activities include the following:
The use of e-mail intended to divert customers away from the SoOLEGAL.com Transactions process.
Unauthorised & improper "Names": A REGISTERED USER's Name (identifying the REGISTERED USER's entity on SoOLEGAL.com) must be a name that: accurately identifies the REGISTERED USER; is not misleading: and the REGISTERED USER has the right to use (that is, the name cannot include the trademark of, or otherwise infringe on, any trademark or other intellectual property right of any person). Furthermore, a REGISTERED USER cannot use a name that contains an e-mail suffix such as .com, .net, .biz, and so on.
Unauthorised & improper invoicing: REGISTERED USERS must ensure that the tax invoice is raised in the name of the end customer who has placed an order with them through SoOLEGAL Payment Systems platform . The tax invoice should not mention SoOLEGAL as either a REGISTERED USER or a customer/buyer. Please note that all Documents/ Advices listed on SoOLEGAL.com are sold by the respective REGISTERED USERS to the end customers and SoOLEGAL is neither a buyer nor a REGISTERED USER in the transaction. REGISTERED USERS need to include the PAN/ Service Tax registration number in the invoice.
Inappropriate e-mail communications: All REGISTERED USER e-mail communications with buyers must be courteous, relevant and appropriate. Unsolicited e-mail communications with SoOLEGAL , e-mail communications other than as necessary and related customer service, and e-mails containing marketing communications of any kind (including within otherwise permitted communications) are prohibited.
Operating multiple REGISTERED USER accounts: Operating and maintaining multiple REGISTERED USER accounts is prohibited.
In your request, please provide an explanation of the legitimate business need for a second account.
Misuse of Search and Browse: When customers use SoOLEGAL's search engine and browse structure, they expect to find relevant and accurate results. To protect the customer experience, all Documents/ Advice-related information, including keywords and search terms, must comply with the guidelines provided under . Any attempt to manipulate the search and browse experience is prohibited.
Misuse
of the ratings, feedback or Documents/ Advice reviews: REGISTERED
USERS cannot submit abusive or inappropriate feedback entries,
coerce or threaten buyers into submitting feedback, submit
transaction feedback regarding them, or include personal information
about a transaction partner within a feedback entry. Furthermore,
any attempt to manipulate ratings of any REGISTERED USER is
prohibited. Any attempt to manipulate ratings, feedback, or
Documents/ Advice reviews is prohibited.
Reviews: Reviews
are important to the SoOLEGAL Platform, providing a forum for
feedback about Documents/ Advice and service details and reviewers'
experiences with Documents/ Advices and services –
positive
or negative. You may not write reviews for Documents/ Advices or
services that you have a financial interest in, including reviews
for Documents/ Advices or services that you or your competitors deal
with. Additionally, you may not provide compensation for a review
(including free or discounted Documents/ Advices). Review
solicitations that ask for only positive reviews or that offer
compensation are prohibited. You may not ask buyers to modify or
remove reviews.
Prohibited Content
REGISTERED USERS are expected to conduct proper research to ensure that the items posted to our website are in compliance with all applicable laws. If we determine that the content of a Documents/ Advice detail page or listing is prohibited, potentially illegal, or inappropriate, we may remove or alter it without prior notice. SoOLEGAL reserves the right to make judgments about whether or not content is appropriate.
The
following list of prohibited Documents/ Advices comprises two
sections: Prohibited Content and Intellectual Property
Violations.
Listing
prohibited content may result in the cancellation of your listings,
or the suspension or removal of your transacting privileges.
REGISTERED USERS are responsible for ensuring that the Documents/
Advices they offer are legal and authorised for Transaction or
re-Transaction.
If
we determine that the content of a Documents/ Advice detail page or
listing is prohibited, potentially illegal, or inappropriate, we may
remove or alter it without prior notice. SoOLEGAL reserves the right
to make judgments about whether or not content is appropriate.
Illegal and potentially illegal Documents/ Advices: Documents/ Advices sold on SoOLEGAL.in must adhere to all applicable laws. As REGISTERED USERS are legally liable for their actions and transactions, they must know the legal parameters surrounding any Documents/ Advice they display on our website.
Offensive material: SoOLEGAL reserves the right to determine the appropriateness of listings posted to our website.
Nudity: In general, images that portray nudity in a gratuitous or graphic manner are prohibited.
Items that infringe upon an individual's privacy. SoOLEGAL holds personal privacy in the highest regard. Therefore, items that infringe upon, or have potential to infringe upon, an individual's privacy are prohibited.
Intellectual Property Violations
Counterfeit merchandise: Documents/ Advices displayed on our website must be authentic. Any Documents/ Advice that has been illegally replicated, reproduced or manufactured is prohibited.
Books - Unauthorised copies of books are prohibited.
Movies - Unauthorised copies of movies in any format are prohibited. Unreleased/prereleased movies, screeners, trailers, unpublished and unauthorized film scripts (no ISBN number), electronic press kits, and unauthorised props are also prohibited.
Photos - Unauthorised copies of photos are prohibited.
Television Programs - Unauthorised copies of television Programs (including pay-per-view events), Programs never broadcast, unauthorised scripts, unauthorised props, and screeners are prohibited.
Transferred media. Media transferred from one format to another is prohibited. This includes but is not limited to: films converted from NTSC to Pal and Pal to NTSC, laserdisc to video, television to video, CD-ROM to cassette tape, from the Internet to any digital format, etc.
Promotional media: Promotional versions of media Documents/ Advices, including books (advance reading copies and uncorrected proofs), music, and videos (screeners) are prohibited. These Documents/ Advices are distributed for promotional consideration and generally are not authorized for Transaction.
Rights of Publicity: Celebrity images and/or the use of celebrity names cannot be used for commercial purposes without permission of a celebrity or their management. This includes Documents/ Advice endorsements and use of a celebrity's likeness on merchandise such as posters, mouse pads, clocks, image collections in digital format, and so on.
YOU HAVE AGREED TO THIS TRANSACTION TERMS BY CLICKING THE AGREE BUTTON